Campaign Expenditures, Contributions and Direct Endorsements: The Strategic Use of Information and Money to Influence Voter Behavior

A costly signaling model is presented in which we show how campaign expenditures can buy votes. The model shows that the amount of campaign expenditures may convey the electorate information about the candidate’s intended policy. When this model is extended to allow for a contributing interest group, it appears that for campaigning to be informative it is sometimes crucial that campaign funds are supplied by informed third parties. The extension also provides an explanation why interest groups contribute to the candidate’s campaign, rather than using direct endorsements; they may need the candidate as an intermediary to filter their opposing interests.campaign expenditures;endorsements;interest groups

Yield Strength Increase of Cold Formed Sections Due to Cold Work of Forming

The design approach for predicting the increase in yield strength due to cold work of forming in the AISI 1996 Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural members is different from the approach used by the CSA Standard, CSA S136-94, Cold Formed Steel Structural Members. The AISI approach is based on the experimental work conducted by Karren and Winter, while the S136 approach is based on theoretical work by Lind and Schroff. Lind and Schroff used Karren and Winter\u27s data to substantiate their theory. Karren and Winter conducted tests on five full sections and also collected strength data on the flat and corner elements of the same sections, allowing for comparison oftested to calculated values. Twelve different sections were tested as part of the University of Waterloo test program. Strength data was collected on virgin material, full sections and on the flat elements of formed sections, thus permitting comparisons to be made using only experimental data. The main purpose of this investigation was to help answer two questions, Le., 1) should the average yield strength in the flats after forming be allowed in either design approach? and 2) is there a simplified expression that would produce similar results with fewer inputs? Based on the research of this paper, design recommendations were formulated